Official Soviet policy calls for a closed fuel cycle, with reprocessing of power reactor fuel that has been cooled for five years. However, releases of radioactive material to the environment from uranium mining and milling operations, such as from mill tailings piles, are causing public concern. Little is known about Soviet waste management practices related to uranium mining, conversion, and fuel fabrication processes. As a result, the area of waste more » management is now receiving greater emphasis, and more public disclosures. The release of information on the cause and extent of an accident involving high-level waste at the Kyshtym production reactor site in 1957, as well as other contamination at the site, serve to highlight past Soviet waste management practices. Poor waste management practices and slow implementation of environmental restoration activities have caused a great deal of national concern. Detailed information on this system is rare and a general overall picture only emerges after a review of a great deal of literature. The Soviet Union operates a vast and growing radioactive waste management system. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States) OSTI Identifier: 6649181 Report Number(s): PNL-5138 ON: DE84016426 DOE Contract Number: AC06-76RL01830 Resource Type: Technical Report Country of Publication: United States Language: English Subject: 12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE WASTES FROM NUCLEAR FACILITIES 29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY AND ECONOMY ARGENTINA RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT AUSTRALIA HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES BELGIUM BRAZIL CANADA CHINA COMECON DENMARK FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY FINLAND FRANCE INDIA ITALY JAPAN MEXICO NETHERLANDS PAKISTAN RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL RADIOACTIVE WASTE PROCESSING REPUBLIC OF KOREA SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND TAIWAN UNITED KINGDOM USA USSR ARGILLITE BASALT BOROSILICATE GLASS GABBROS GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS GNEISSES GRANITES INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES SALT DEPOSITS SOLIDIFICATION VITRIFICATION AFRICA ASIA AUSTRALASIA DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EASTERN EUROPE EUROPE GLASS IGNEOUS ROCKS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ISLANDS LATIN AMERICA MANAGEMENT MATERIALS METAMORPHIC ROCKS NORTH AMERICA PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS PLUTONIC ROCKS PROCESSING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS RADIOACTIVE WASTES ROCKS SCANDINAVIA SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SHALES SOUTH AMERICA VOLCANIC ROCKS WASTE DISPOSAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE PROCESSING WASTES WESTERN EUROPE 052002* - Nuclear Fuels- Waste Disposal & Storage 052001 - Nuclear Fuels- Waste Processing 290600 - Energy Planning & Policy- Nuclear = , « lessĪuthors: Harmon, K M Lakey, L T Leigh, I W Publication Date: Sun Jul 01 00:00: Research Org.: Pacific Northwest National Lab. Two other waste management problems are the subject of major R and D programs in several countries: stabilization of uranium mill tailing piles and immobilization or disposal of contaminated nuclear facilities, namely reactors, fuel cycle plants and R and D laboratories. Many countries have established extensive and costly programs of site evaluation, repository development and safety assessment. Most repository designs are based on the mined-gallery concept, placing waste or spent fuel packages into shallow holes in the floor of the gallery. Most nations plan to allow 30 years or longer between discharge of fuel from the reactor and emplacement of HLW or spent fuel is a repository to permit thermal and radioactive more » decay. Geologic media being studied fall into three main classes: argillites (clay or shale) crystalline rock (granite, basalt, gneiss or gabbro) and evaporates (salt formations). Many countries have established extensive programs to prepare for construction and operation of geologic repositories. Commercially available, classical engineering processing are being used worldwide to treat and immobilize low- and intermediate-level wastes (LLW, ILW) disposal to surface structures, shallow-land burial and deep-underground repositories, such as played-out mines, is being done widely with no obvious technical problems. Countries that must deal with plutonium-contaminated waste emphasize pluonium recovery, volume reduction and fixation in cement or bitumen in their treatment plans and expect to use deep geologic repositories for final disposal. Several trends have developed in waste management strategy: All countries having to dispose of reprocessing wastes plan on conversion of the high-level waste (HLW) stream to a borosilicate glass and eventual emplacement of the glass logs, suitably packaged, in a deep geologic repository. Worldwide activities related to nuclear fuel cycle and radioactive waste management programs are summarized.
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